Roberto Mosheim's work tends to revolve around the intersection of productivity theory and the impact of environmental issues in U.S. agriculture. Much of his published work has examined the relationships among efficiency, organization type, structural change, and scale economies in, for example, the dairy sector, the drinking water industry, and, before coming to ERS, the international coffee market. His current work also encompasses the role of chemicals, pesticides, and fertilizer, as well as of precision agriculture, in U.S. agricultural productivity.