Given the increasingly ambitious climate change policies being introduced in the U.S., Canada and the EU that target zero net carbon emissions by 2050, there is increasing concern about potential carbon leakage and the decline in competitiveness due to their more stringent policies relative to competitors. This session will focus on the potential scope, design, and impact of a Border Carbon Adjustment (BCA) that is being considered, with a focus on how a BCA could unduly disadvantage developing countries and hence the importance of technology transfer for more equitable outcomes.